If you work in medical animation, you will likely be charged with creating 3D models of the various organs, tissues, and nerves in the human body. Whether these models are used for illustration or will be the blueprint for a 3D print, it is vital to make the shapes as accurate as possible.
Therefore, when creating the models, you may wonder whether it is better to use CV or EP curves.
Continue reading “CV Curve vs. EP Curve: What’s the Difference?”
Some of the core parts of working in the medical imaging field are managing, distributing, and analyzing medical images. Whether you are performing a CT scan, an MRI, or an X-ray, you need to be sure that your patient’s information is secure after the image acquisition and that all critical devices can display the images correctly.
To accomplish this, you must work with both PACS and DICOM. These are two types of software that work together and independently to give you optimal control over your medical images and related data. Since they’re so deeply connected, it can be challenging to understand what distinguishes them.
Below, you’ll find the key differences that separate the two and how these distinctions work together.
Although they work closely together, PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) and DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) are separate software programs that serve different functions for medical professionals. In the most basic sense, PACS is meant to store medical images taken from hardware such as X-rays and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanners.
Note that all these images are digital since that is how they are primarily stored (technically referred to as “archived”) by the photographing or recording devices. The following functions represent how PACS manages these digital images, per the acronym:
(Source: Healthcare IT Solutions)
On the other hand, DICOM is the global communication standard – not exactly the mechanism – through which medical professionals can handle, store, print, and transmit medical images. It also represents the file format in which these images can be saved. In this way, DICOM has several more applications in medical practice than PACS does.
As previously stated, DICOM is a multifaceted system that presents a wide breadth of management, manipulation, storage, and distribution functions for medical images. Through DICOM, medical professionals can aggregate several sets of data, similar to how a JPEG tag can be embedded with metadata. (Source: Contribution)
In the DICOM’s metadata, you can store lots of critical information, including the patient’s identification, date of birth, and more. Because of the sensitive data in these files, DICOM has an anonymization security measure.
Images are not the only medical files that can be transferred between devices using DICOM. If you need to share reports and other medically relevant documents between systems and devices, DICOM can handle this as well.
DICOM is the standard form of communication for nearly all things related to the acquisition, storage, and distribution of medical images. On the contrary, PACS is the management system itself. Because they are two distinct components of medical image management, the doctor, radiologist, or other medical professional experiences and uses the two quite differently.
PACS systems are capable of archiving medical image files received from scanning and photographing hardware. However, they are limited to separate functions without a method to exchange these files. That’s where DICOM comes in. DICOM is the communicative “bridge” that allows PACS systems to send the information stored within them. (Source: Healthcare IT Solutions)
PACS and DICOM contain different functional components. PACS has four major parts (Source: Ampronix Medical Imaging Technology):
These components all work together to enable PACS to digitally transmit medical images, eliminating the need for manual document processing and handling. Further, medical professionals can digitally acquire, store, and share film jackets both within and outside their departments and organizations.
DICOM requires the following “objects”* to function appropriately:
*Also referred to as IODs, objects are recipes of items that define instances of an entity such as CT, MR (magnetic resonance), US (ultrasound), etc. These objects’ attributes are defined in “modules.” For example, patient modules contain the patient’s name and other identifying information, while the study modules contain the study date, accession number, and unique identifier (UID).
Medical professionals can use DICOM and PACS in varying capacities, each with different levels of functional independence.
For example, on its own, DICOM ensures that files remain intact and that all metadata stays linked to the appropriate file. Depending on the type of PACS you have (i.e., local vs. cloud), you can access your DICOM data remotely or through a workstation. Therefore, it can be argued that DICOM is more functionally versatile than PACS.
In contrast, PACS can almost only be run in tandem with DICOM since the “universal format for PACS image storage and transfer is DICOM.” It is through the DICOM that PACS retain their capability of transferring data at all. (Source: PeekMed)
DICOM also refers to the file format, usually either a DCM or DCM30 (DCM3.0) file extension. Although it still requires specific devices for compatibility, this represents yet another facet of DICOM’s array of applications. It is not only a communication system and an image manipulation tool but also a component of file storage. (Source: LBN Medical)
As two distinct components of image acquisition, storage, management, and distribution, DICOM and PACS address different facets of the file management process.
DICOM covers five main areas of communication- and distribution-related functionality:
PACS is “but one part of a larger informatics infrastructure in an institution.” It connects all the following systems solely for data transfer (Source: UCSF RORL):
PACS is primarily intended to ease image management, particularly images critical to the patient’s treatment and recovery. When using PACS, team members can search and retrieve data whenever they need to. DICOM is the method that allows the imaging devices to communicate with the server, which ultimately enables the medical staff to carry out these actions. (Source: Advanced Systems Corporation)
Most medical imaging equipment can be optionally operated through workstations, the functions of which are listed below:
So, what does this have to do with PACS and DICOM? Since the modalities must acquire and archive images for later distribution and analysis, they must interact with PACS and DICOM. The images would mainly need to be stored in the DICOM file format for smooth exchange between systems.
In the context of workstations, DICOM does not face as many functional dilemmas as PACS. For example, a hospital or clinic may face challenges with PACS, depending on their infrastructure. If each department has its own PACS infrastructure, images cannot be shared across all devices and systems. In contrast, DICOM would not be limited to specific departments if all devices are DICOM-compatible.
PACS between health departments use DICOM to store and transmit medical images but can be functionally hindered by infrastructure differences between departments.
DICOM works in quite the opposite way, bringing separate systems together, especially when using VNAs (vendor-neutral archives). The VNAs decouple PACS to provide a single viewing experience instead of several different ones, regardless of the images’ origins.
This cannot be done with PACS, as it must be used with DICOM. However, DICOM can be used alongside VNA and PACS. At times, it performs better with VNA, as vendors typically agree on “the storage of DICOM images, a standard DICOM network interface, and administrative updates.” This allows the avoidance of common interoperability problems. (Source: HIT Infrastructure)
Although it has been demonstrated that DICOM is far more multifaceted than PACS, it can be argued that, in some cases, the two need one another equally. This primarily lies in the fact that PACS stores DICOM-compatible images and allows the execution of functions related to these images.
For a clearer understanding, imagine PACS as the “central coordinator” that hosts and oversees the following DICOM abilities:
Although DICOM is “unequivocally the only standard for modality to PACS communication,” it still needs the PACS to execute the core workflow. PACS is one facet of the DICOM workflow that achieves the exchange of information between devices and systems. Without it, DICOM devices would not gain access to the desired medical documentation.
PACS and DICOM also differ in another significant way; they each have different workflow requirements. DICOM has more functionality and a simpler workflow, while PACS is more singular in function and has a much more complex workflow.
PACS requires the following components to support an ideal DICOM workflow:
| Component | Explanation |
| Source | The hardware that generates the medical image is known as the “source.” When the hardware detector recognizes the image, the data is then transferred to the computer, where the healthcare professional can view it. Upon receipt, the medical images are stored as DICOM files. |
| Medical Image Storage | The DICOM server works as a filing system that optimizes image storage organization. Depending on the type of DICOM server you are working with, you may be able to upload and share images online directly. |
| DICOM Workstation
(two variations) |
· Proprietary software: This is typically included with the source equipment and requires that the DICOM software and source equipment be used in the same place.
· Third-party software: This can be used remotely, separate from the source equipment. Hospitals with a high patient inflow would benefit significantly from this version of the DICOM workstation, as it helps speed up image acquisition, and thus, image interpretation and analysis. · Note: A PACS server should be capable of transmitting DICOM images to third-party DICOM applications. Since the DICOM receiver software is integrated into the app, the radiologist should be able to access imaging data from either the PACS server or external storage devices like CD or DVD drives. |
| DICOM File Sharing | This enables file exportation and anonymization, an essential part of distributing images for educational purposes, especially for journal publications. This prevents images from being traced back to specific patients. |
| DICOM Printer Software | When access to a PACS server is unavailable, you might want display films instead. If so, you must have DICOM printer software to print stored DICOM images. You might also need a DICOM-compatible printer as well. |
Since DICOM is not a “coordinator” but a standard for the multifaceted management of digital medical data, the workflow is more straightforward. At its core, the DICOM workflow includes the following (Source: US National Library of Medicine):
| Component | Explanation |
| Image Management | Both the study management and study component management SOP classes supply full-scale control over imaging procedures. |
| Network Communications | · Network image management: This refers to DICOM’s supervision of interactions between devices, namely sending image data and the two-step process of querying and receiving this data.
· Network image interpretation management: This defines the object and storage services to be managed and carried out under the DICOM standard. · Network print management: This allows compatible devices and associated workstations to share printers in the DICOM network. |
| Storage | Healthcare professionals can exchange DICOM files manually on storage devices like CD-ROM disks. |
DICOM workstation software allows many different image manipulation options for radiologists that PACS is incapable of providing directly (Source: postDICOM), such as:
DICOM allows for direct control and manipulation over the image and the extracted data. These controls are not available through PACS.
Below is a good video on DICOM and PACS:
Although they are deeply intertwined with one another’s functionality, DICOM and PACS are two very different technologies, with separate (but related) applications in the medical field. DICOM acts as both a file format and the international communication standard through which PACS transfers medical image data, while PACS drives the DICOM workflow.
DICOM also allows direct control over the image and data, while PACS is a bit more hands-off, allowing only for the acquisition, storage, and transference of files in and between DICOM devices. Despite its significance, PACS is much more functionally limited than DICOM, as the latter can be used with other software, like VNS.
Click the following link to learn more about viewing DICOM on a Mac.
Figuring out how to view a DICOM image on a Mac can be a frustrating process. It’s difficult to tell whether the inability to open your important scans is the result of a faulty computer, a defective file, or just a bad internet connection.
Like most files, it seems like DICOM files should just open as they are, but you’ve probably realized that it isn’t so simple.
There are many ways to view a DICOM image on a Mac: You could insert a disc containing the photos into your computer; you can also review DICOM images from an online database. However, the most common method is installing a DICOM viewing software for easy viewing and editing or using cloud-based PACS.
While there’s no wrong way for viewing DICOM images, some methods may be more attractive to you, depending on your needs. There are many different versions of the software that you can download to view DICOM images on a Mac, each coming with their own perks and tools.
DICOM, or Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, are images that contain important medical information such as x-rays or CAT scans. They exist as both a file format and communications protocol, meaning that they store patient information and images in the same file.
In the 21st century, technology has crept its way into all aspects of life, including medicine. DICOM files were created to maintain standards and uniformity across different categories of medical images.
DICOM images are commonly used in medical applications, such as in med school, and in hospitals for sharing digital information with clients and patients. They are the file type in which people view important documents.
DICOM images cannot be opened like regular images on laptops or phones like other file types; DICOM images are very particular in their accessibility. Fortunately, there are various ways you can view your DICOM image on your Mac, but which method you determine to be the most feasible depends on your circumstances.
Whenever you finish getting a procedure at the hospital that requires imaging to be done, your doctor will usually give you a disc that you can insert into your laptop or computer, allowing you to view the DICOM images/files for your leisure. On the CD, there can sometimes already be a medical imaging viewer included, but if not, some CDs will come with a link to the application that allows you to download an appropriate DICOM viewer.
Online databases serve as great options for students who are interested in learning or people who are simply curious. However, not all of these options are free for everyone, and they tend to be restricted to those with an account; some of the features may be locked behind a paywall, or your ability to access these files can be altogether prohibited unless you provide valid credentials.
The DICOM Library is a popular database to view DICOM images from. It’s a place where you’re allowed to upload DICOM files from your laptop/mac (as long as they’re anonymized beforehand) and view the image without needing to download a DICOM viewing software.
Within this site, you’re allowed to modify the image and upload different photos to different screen quadrants.
For example, if you’re interested in an in-depth look at brain scans where you need to see multiple perspectives at once, the DICOM Library allows you to get a birds-eye view of scans and precise measurements of whatever it is that you’re looking at. You can even download the image as well.
Another online database for your viewing needs is OsiriX Viewer. With a valid account and access to a premium membership, you’ll gain access to the anonymized datasets and DICOM images that this site provides. It’s explicitly for researching and teaching purposes only, so if you fall within the categories of student, curious onlooker, or professor, then this option is great for you.
OsiriX Viewer is compatible with Mac as well, so you can view any DICOM images of your choosing. However, if you don’t have a DICOM image viewing software already installed on your device, then you’ll find yourself unable to open the files from this site.
While accessing DICOM images is important, depending on where and how you access the photos, viewing the pictures on your Mac can be another issue. There are two ways you can view DICOM images: through “proprietary software” or third-party software.
Proprietary software is only available to medical imaging devices. It’s typically created by the same manufacturer and allows users to reconstruct and view the image at the same workstation immediately; this means that the photos can only be reviewed in the same location as the hardware.
While images can be transferred to an additional device through export, usually after this process is done, the ability to view and edit the original image is completely lost.
Without a DICOM CD that comes with a link to an image viewing software or proprietary software, chances are your Mac isn’t able to load and view DICOM images properly. With that being said, you’re going to need to install software that allows you to view any DICOM images you have on your Mac computer or laptop.
There are various third-party applications you can choose from when it comes to DICOM image viewing. There are both paid and free versions available, with paid versions typically offering more or enhanced features.
Which application you choose to use ultimately depends on how you plan on using the software; different people use DICOM images for various reasons. For example, an anatomy professor will have different needs than a medical professional.
DICOM image viewers generally allow users to:
(Source: Post DICOM)
These applications are practically limitless, with many third-parties developing their own versions of the same DICOM image viewing function.
Below is a list of the different viewing software available for Mac devices:
OsiriX MD is a suitable option for practicing health professionals who need something fast and reliable for their work. Cleared by the FDA as a Class II Medical Device, OsiriX is renowned as the most widely used medical image viewer globally. Its overwhelming popularity is a testament to its quality.
After a quick five-minute installation, you’ll have access to a full workstation with the ability to access scans such as MRIs. Additionally, it lives up to DICOM viewing standards, providing 2D viewing, 3D and 4D navigation options, and many more features.
There is a free version of OsiriX MD, with limited features and slower processing, while the full version has a monthly fee to use.
Horos is designed to be a “mobile” application, offering similar features as the highly acclaimed Osirix MD mentioned above. The app runs successfully on Mac OS versions 10.8 or higher, so if your Mac isn’t up to date, you might want to consider running a different, less technologically demanding viewing software for your needs.
Horos has various tools that allow you to manipulate images, so if you’re a professor needing to make a presentation, this is a great option for you. It has the added benefit of coming with fleshed-out, comprehensive tutorials for using the software, so it’s also beginner-friendly.
Also, Horus comes with an optional plug-in that allows you to upload your images to Radiopedia, arguably the best free online resource for case studies and articles in radiology. Horos gives you the ability to:
Post DICOM is easily one of the best software to have downloaded on your Mac because it offers the majority of DICOM viewing/editing features not found on other applications. Not only is it available for Mac, but its compatibility extends to any operating system running Windows as well. It also offers convenience that many other DICOM viewing software don’t by being available for mobile iOS devices.
Post DICOM allows for image manipulation, 3D reconstruction, MIP, MRP, and image fusion. It also comes with an additional 50GB of free cloud storage; this is great because DICOM images are typically high-quality and take up a lot of memory to store.
3Dim Viewer is a free application available to download on Mac OS X and Linux systems. This is a relatively basic DICOM viewing software intended only for those with a casual need for image viewing. It comes with a variety of features such as:
(Source: 3Dim Viewer)
Note: 3Dim Viewer requires a solid graphics card to take advantage of its unique features, such as rendering 3D surfacing. For that reason, this application is only suitable for devices with an updated graphics card, which may or may not apply to your Mac device.
Available for free installation from the Mac App Store, Miele-LXIV is a DICOM viewing software featuring an intuitive GUI, allowing for DICOM image displays with an accessible interface. It will enable you to view multiple layouts and export videos or images.
Miele-LXIV also includes multiple hardware improvements for Mac to improve your DICOM image viewing experience, such as:
(Source: Medevel)
Miele-LXIV is perfect for developers as well, as it grants the ability for you to build your own plug-ins because of its built-in architecture support.
SMILI, which stands for Simple Medical Imaging Library Interface, is an open-source, easy to use DICOM program built to work on all devices, not just Mac OS. SMILI possesses many of the same features as the other applications listed here.
For one, it grants you control over measurements and editing DICOM images, as well as other advanced display options. There are easy drag and drop options for dealing with models and surfaces. SMILI also allows you to anonymize the image in question, which is important for working on, viewing, and presenting scans to other medical professionals or classes.
Other features of SMILI include:
(Source: Source Forge)
PACS, otherwise known as a Picture Archiving Communication System, is a medical imaging technology initially designed to surpass physical medical imaging limitations.
PACS grant heightened efficiency in retrieving files. It mainly functions as a superior option for storage and makes it possible to retrieve images from multiple sites. PACS usually have display stations, which are external devices—specifically designed with confidentiality in mind to—view photos and videos. PACS systems are linked to a computer network that connects the system’s hardware and software components.
Cloud-based PACS overcome the challenge of the ever-increasing size of data and demand for hard drive and memory space. A decade ago, the number of images taken for a thorax CT amounted to 30-50 images and resulted in a measly 15-25 MB of space needed; today, the number of pictures taken has increased to up to 5,000 photos, demanding a greater 250-2,500 MB of space required.
Cloud-based PACS provides the storage that PACS normally offers but from the cloud, freeing up room for devices such as your Mac to act as display stations for viewing important data. Some of the benefits of using cloud-based PACS include, but aren’t limited to:
Similarly to DICOM image viewing software, there are many different options available to you if you’re interested in cloud-based PACS:
Below is a good video on PACS:
Accessing DICOM images on a Mac can be done through DICOM CDs post-operation or online DICOM databases.
Viewing DICOM images, unless you’re able to export a file into a more accessible file type, requires you to download a DICOM image reader software. If you’re not interested in that, there is also the affordable option of subscribing to a cloud-based PACS, which serves as both a storage solution and a DICOM reader.
Ultimately, when choosing a DICOM image software, it’s best to look for something that suits your specific needs as all image readers and cloud storage options offer something slightly different.
Click the following link to learn how to email DICOM images.
SolidWorks is a favorite modeling software in medical 3D printing, with unique solutions ranging from dental implants to prosthetic limbs being brought to life using this innovative suite. If you are a 3D modeler with experience in the NURBS modeling process, you may be wondering if you can use SolidWorks to make creations using NURBS.
SolidWorks does use NURBS—but that is not the process for which it is most well-known. SolidWorks is a modeling software specializing in parametric, history-based modeling, which differs from the direct, free-form surface modeling that has made NURBS a household name in 3D manufacturing.
Although SolidWorks does not have a long history as a NURBS-based software, it has responded to consumer demand for surface modeling options. Starting with its software update in 2017 and for all subsequent versions, users have the option of solid modeling or NURBS-based surface modeling when creating objects within the suite.
Non-uniform rational basis spline (NURBS) is a mathematical model used in computer-animated design (CAD) to create precise curves and surfaces for various shapes within a model that may be later used for 3D printing.
The advantage of NURBS modeling for medical purposes is that it allows for surfaces to be created that are not currently in existence. Its use of mathematical formulas to create curves and surfaces enables engineers to model unique and proprietary shapes; this is extremely advantageous when making objects such as custom prosthetics.
Solid modeling—the process for which SolidWorks is named—is a parametric, or history-based, process. According to Kasten Marine Design, solid modeling assigns all its parts thickness and mass properties, along with parametric relationships to other parts in the model. As such, it is a much less “on-the-go” process than NURBS modeling.
Solid modeling’s strength lies in helping engineers create complex designs by using a “logic tree” that establishes and preserves complex relationships among the various parts of the model.
While it can be difficult for users to establish these complex relationships and form a logic tree before starting work on the model, the modeling process becomes infinitely easier once these relationships are created. With the proper model in place, creating complex products takes care of itself.
For example, when modeling the forearm, an increase in the radius would automatically be accompanied by the appropriate shift in the ulna thanks to the relationship established in the logic tree.
The most recent iterations of SolidWorks use both solid and surface (NURBS) modeling. With advances in technology, SolidWorks is no longer confined to being a solid modeling software industry leader.
Let’s look at some of the features modern designers can expect when using SolidWorks:
According to Jeffrey Opel, professor of CAD/CAM and 3D printing at Tarrant County College, one of the most significant drawbacks of previous versions of SolidWorks was the inefficiency in creating surface-level geometry on shapes other than spheres or cones.
Now, surface geometry can be created in a few simple steps using the wrap feature, which allows you to drag along the desired NURBS points, drop the points once the desired curve is created, and project the geometry to the object’s surface.
SolidWorks users’ ability to offset a curve on the surface to create a unique inlay is another strong feature of the latest versions of the software. These offsetting 3D curves can be used to create raised and layered objects.
Although many contemporary 3D modeling suites, including SolidWorks, will have solid and surface modeling capabilities, it is important to contrast these two primary forms of 3D models to have a clear understanding of when to use each for medical purposes.
In general, the solid models that SolidWorks is known for have the following characteristics:
Surface modeling, on which the NURBS process is based, will have a different set of characteristics, including:
Based on these differences, solid modeling is best for designers who want accuracy and precision in replication. In contrast, surface modeling is best for those professionals who wish to have the creative freedom to design something completely new. Both functions are relevant to the medical field, making the updated SolidWorks a strong modeling software choice.
From start to finish, the combination of solid and NURBS processes available in SolidWorks provides practitioners with a unique blend of flexibility and precision when modeling medical implements. These capabilities make SolidWorks a valuable tool for practitioners, along with several areas in 3D medical manufacturing.
The SolidWorks platform allows teamwork and collaboration among many designers. It also allows for feedback from management and shareholders.
Using NURBS curve creation, engineers can quickly put new ideas into motion and layer and build upon 2D sketches. The solid modeling framework also lets the team quickly reproduce successful projects and keep new updates on a scale.
Files from SolidWorks can be extracted into several formats to ensure compatibility with a wide variety of machine printing devices; this allows for maximum efficiency and precision during object creation.
SolidWorks software allows engineers and practitioners to test their working products against the models. If the device is not functioning as planned, users can go back into the model and see which elements of the design affect operations and service these areas to improve future prints. The software also gives the user information as to how to maintain the printed objects properly.
One of the most powerful aspects of SolidWorks is its capabilities in marketing and sales. Professionals can pitch proposed devices to customers while still in the model phase; this gives clients the chance to view the product in action beforehand.
The software can also use NURBS processes to make customized changes based on feedback received during the sales process.
Using NURBS processes, the user can make changes to the current design without disrupting the overall model. If the product is successful as-is, duplicates can quickly be created or scaled to new dimensions.
Below is a good video on Solidworks modeling for medical product design:
Although SolidWorks is not known as a NURBS platform, the most recent iterations of the software allow for surface modeling that uses NURBS concepts. Therefore, when purchasing the updated software versions, users can expect to have both the solid modeling capabilities—for which SolidWorks is named—and the surface modeling functions characteristic of the NURBS process at their disposal.
The solid modeling capabilities are useful when building objects that require relationships and constraints between parts, while NURBS is more open and free-flowing to allow engineers creativity when making proprietary designs.
Click the following link to read about NURBS vs Polygons.
The hardware you need for 3D rendering varies based on your rendering needs. 3D rendering can do a number on your processor, not to mention it can take forever to complete if you don’t have the correct components. What are the most important components, though?
Figuring out what you need can feel overwhelming. Whether you are using a laptop or desktop workstation, your hardware affects your rendering speed and capabilities. No need to worry, though, below we have laid out the various aspects of hardware in detail based on your specific needs.
Here are the items you need to focus on:
The CPU, central processing unit, is easily one of the most important components when it comes to 3D rendering. CPUs are made up of multiple processors called cores. These cores impact how fast you can render.
The Intel Core i5 can be used for 3D rendering. It is not the best option price wise or performance wise, but it will get the job done.
Core i5 is a processor available at different speeds with different numbers of cores. Most come with 4 cores and are commonly used for everyday tasks on laptop and desktop computers. Below we have laid out various CPU options that may be better suited for you.
The Core i5 comes in various versions. Dependent upon your rendering needs, here are a few to consider.
Intel Core i5 Version Comparisons
| CPU | Number of Cores | GHz | Cinebench R15 |
| Intel Core i5- 8400 | 6 | 2.8 | 966 |
| Intel Core i5-10300H | 4 | 2.5 | 920 |
The Core i5 can be used in both desktop and laptop computers. If you’re looking to get the best bang out of your buck, the Core i5- 8400 with 6 cores and 2.8 GHz is your best option.
GHz (gigahertz) is the measurement of clock speed. The higher the clock speed, the faster your rendering.
However, just because the Core i5-8400 has a lower clock speed, it doesn’t mean it performs slowly. Intel’s Turbo boost technology allows for the GHz to increase above the base frequency when workloads don’t require the use of all the cores. Therefore, the Core i5-8400 can get up to 4.0 GHz when rendering light workloads.
This is important to keep in mind when you look at all of Intel’s processors. The GHz are based on the base frequency. You most likely will not be using your CPU at 100% at all times and will therefore experience a higher GHz than listed most of the time.
If you plan on rendering solely on your laptop, Intel Core i5-10300H is the best Core i5 for you. With 4 cores and 2.5 GHz, it has a Cinebench R15 score of 920 compared to the Core i5-8400 with a score of 966. However, this processor is best suited for bigger laptops with good cooling systems due to its power consumption.
The Cinebench R15 tells you how fast the CPU is with completing tasks. For 3D Rendering, you should shoot for a Cinebench R15 number up near 2,000. The Core i5 doesn’t even come close. So even though it can get the job done, it won’t do so very quickly or as well as other processors.
Intel has other CPUs for you to consider, including the Intel Core i7 and the Intel Core i9. Here are a few to consider.
Intel CPU Comparisons
| CPU | Number of Cores | GHz | Cinebench R15 |
| Intel Xeon Platinum 8180 | 28 | 2.5 | 4,335 |
| Intel Core i9-10980HK | 8 | 2.4 | 1,800 |
| Intel Core i7- 8700K | 6 | 3.2 | 1,428 |
| Intel i7-7740X | 4 | 4.3 | 986 |
| Intel Core-i9 9900K | 8 | 3.6 | 2,166 |
If you’re looking for the highest Cinebench R15, The Intel Xeon Platinum 8180 scores the highest for Intel at 4,355 with 28 cores and 2.5 GHz. Depending on your rendering needs, this may be overkill. Costing around $7,000, this is for very serious rendering.
We recommend the Intel Core i9-10980HK with 8 cores and 2.4 GHz and a Cinebench R15 of 1,800 as a great option for laptop renderers at around $500. It is well-binned but needs a better cooling system, so it’s not suitable for lighter laptops.
Looking for only 6 cores? The Intel Core i7- 8700K with a Cinebench R15 of 1,428 for about $400 is a good option for you. It has low impact overclocking and great hyperthreading. However, it may require getting a new motherboard that supports this CPU.
Looking for a high number of GHz? The Intel i7-7740X with 4 cores and 4.3 GHz for around $300 is for you. Remember however that number of cores is important as well, and 4 cores even at 4.3 GHz may not be as fast as you desire.
One of the most popular Intels is the Intel Core-i9 9900K. With a score of 2,081, 8 cores, and 3.6 GHz, it gets the job done. However, it can get very hot and will likely require an extra Cooler.
Whether you’re looking for the highest Cinebench R15 score or highest performance per dollar score, AMD beats Intel every time when it comes to 3D rendering.
AMD CPU Comparisons
| CPU | Number of Cores | GHz | Cinebench R15 |
| AMD Ryzen 5-2600 | 6 | 3.4 | 1,373 |
| AMD Threadripper 3990X | 64 | 2.9 | 10,449 |
| AMD Ryzen 7-3800X | 8 | 3.9 | 2,166 |
Looking for the best bang for your buck? The AMD Ryzen 5-2600 with 6 cores, 3.4 GHz, and a Cinebench R15 of 1,373 for around $140 is the one for you. With a performance per dollar ratio of 9.8, it outcompetes the Intel i5-8400 that has a ratio of 5.39 as Intel’s highest scoring CPU in the performance per dollar category.
The CPU with the highest Cinebench R15 score is the AMD Threadripper 3990X. With 64 cores, 2.9 GHz and a score of 10,449, this is one hard working processor. Regular 3D rendering does not require a CPU of this magnitude, but it’s interesting to see just how powerful these CPUs can be.
The AMD with the highest level of GHz is the AMD Ryzen 7-3800X with 8 cores, 3.9 GHz, and a score of 2,166. For around $400 with impressive power efficiency and a bundled cooler, this is a great option for 3D rendering.
Before deciding which CPU to purchase, think about your rendering needs. Are you an entry-level renderer, so a CPU close to a Cinebench R15 score of 2,000 will be enough, or are you more advanced and need something more powerful?
The more cores you have, the faster your rendering time but make sure you are choosing cores with higher GHz. A high number of cores with a low GHz is slowed down by the GHzs. A happy medium between the two is the sweet spot.
Also, consider your budget and whether the cores meet or exceed your needs. No need to buy the most powerful CPU if you do not need to. Look at your present and future rendering needs and then decide how much money you are willing to put towards the CPU.
Overall, the Core-i5 will get the job done, but it is meant for more basic tasks. Consider the AMD Ryzen 5-2600, or if you want to stick with Intel, the Core-i9 9900K is a popular option.
GPU (graphics processing unit) rendering is becoming more popular because it can be faster than CPU rendering. One GPU is equivalent to anywhere between five to twenty CPUs.
To GPU render, you should use a graphic card with memory of at least 6GB, preferably higher. An Octanebench score of at least 100 is adequate.
The Octanebench is a rendering benchmark most popularly used to scale GPUs. Vram (video memory) is the amount of memory of the card in GB. Below we have laid out a few options of GPUs to consider that will meet your specific needs.
GPU Comparison
| GPU | VramIn GB | Octanebench Score |
| NVIDIA 8x RTX 2080 Ti | 11 | 2733 |
| VIDIA RTX 2070 Super | 8 | 210 |
| NVIDIA RTX 2060 | 6 | 188 |
If you’re looking for the GPU with the highest Octanebench score, the NVIDIA 8x RTX 2080 Ti with 11 GB or Vram, and a score of 2,733 is the one for you. Stop and consider if you need this high score, though, because you most likely do not.
The best GPU for your money is the NVIDIA RTX 2070 Super with 8GB of VRAM. With a performance per dollar ratio of 0.381, this GPU stays cool while clocking with a boost clock of 1620 MHz. At an Octanebench of 210, it works great for your rendering needs.
If you’re looking for the cheapest GPU that will still get the job done, opt for the NVIDIA RTX 2060. With a Vram of 6GB and a score of 188, this GPU also runs cool, so no overheating. This is good for renderers who may just be starting out and are not doing too complex of scenes.
You may be asking yourself, “should GPU be a main hardware component for your 3D rendering?” This is dependent upon your needs. Are you looking for speed, quality, or best of both?
Although GPU is faster, CPU is more likely to deliver a higher quality image than GPU. CPUs have more instruction sets available to them allowing them to be more flexible in task types than GPUs.
The reason GPUs are faster is because they have more cores than a CPU, but these cores run slower than CPUs cores. The fact that there are more is why the rendering time is decreased by using GPUs. However, since CPUs have high clock speeds than GPUs, under certain conditions they can be faster.
So, if you can see the difference in quality between a CPU rendered image and a GPU rendered one, you may opt for the CPU rendering process.
However, if your 3D rendering is not too complex, and you need a quick turnaround time on your projects, GPU rendering might be better for you.
RAM (Random-Access Memory) is your device’s short-term memory. How much you need is dependent on what level of 3D rendering you are doing. The more complex your scenes are, the more Ram you will need.
For 3D rendering, the majority of the time, you need 32 GB of RAM. People doing simple scenes can start with 16 GB of RAM. Complex scenes can require up to 64 Gb of RAM.
Choosing different RAM brands and figuring out what RAM will work best for you can be challenging. Luckily for you, we’ve compiled information on different RAM kits so that you can figure out what will work best.
RAM speed is not usually important when it comes to 3D rendering. The CPU and GPU are the main factors that affect your render time. However, there are exceptions to this.
Dependent upon the processor you use, some do benefit from higher RAM clock speed. For example, the AMD Threadripper and 3rd gen AMD Ryzen CPUs have components that are linked to the Memory Clock Speed, and therefore perform faster when this speed is higher.
Intel CPUs do not benefit from a faster RAM. Neither do most AMDs besides the ones above. So generally, you do not have to worry about the speed of your RAM.
RAM Modules don’t always work well together due to factory differences from different batches and years. Therefore, buying them in a kit is preferable because you are guaranteed that they will work well together.
Kits are pre-tested, so you are not wasting your money on something that may potentially not work. Look for brands like:
Be sure that your RAM fits with your Motherboard as well. Certain Motherboards can only support a limited number of RAMs, so be sure to keep this in mind when choosing your RAM.
Your storage plays an important role when it comes to 3D rendering, so picking the right one is important. Storage does things like:
Speed of storage does not actually affect render time but can decrease time when it comes to loading.
An SSD (Solid State Drive) is faster and more power efficient than an HDD (Hard Disk Drive). They are also more durable than HDD but are of higher cost because they are newer technology. They cannot hold as much storage as HDD either.
You should use an SSD as storage because they do outperform HDDs. 3D rendering doesn’t require massive amounts of storage, so HDD’s high capacity isn’t needed. Here is a list of good SSDs to consider.
PSU (power supply unit) is important to keep all your components powered and running efficiently. You risk damaging your components if they are not supplied with stable, reliable power. Figuring out the wattage and type that is best for you is important.
You should use a PSU with a wattage of about 750 watts. This ensures you have enough to keep everything powered now and in the future. Use 80+ Gold or Platinum certified PSUs to ensure reliability and safety to the rest of your system.
The EVGA – 750W 80+ Gold Certified Fully-Modular ATX Power Supply for about $100 is a good option for your 3D rendering needs. Other brands to consider include:
Now that you know all the hardware components you need to 3D render, you might be wondering if it’s better to render on a laptop or a desktop. We have given you the best components for each, but which one of these is better suited for you?
Laptops allow you the freedom of mobility. For most people, they offer enough power to complete their 3D rendering tasks. However, laptops are not as customizable as desktops, and they are not meant for high-level intricate designs. They are too limited by weight, size, and power supply to support higher level rendering.
Desktops are extremely customizable when it comes to hardware to meet your specific needs. They cost a lot upfront, but if you are looking to do some serious high level rendering, you may want to consider this option that can allow you to build a fast and powerful machine.
So, if you’re just starting out in the 3D rendering world and don’t think you will be doing complex scenes, here’s a list of laptops to consider.
If you are a more advanced 3D renderer and looking for the best desktop, here’s a few to consider.
Of course, you can optimize workstation hardware with the various components we have discussed. Make sure to review each component so that it works efficiently with each aspect of your workstation to meet your specific 3D rendering needs.
Below is a video that includes some more information about hardware for 3D rendering:
I hope this was a helpful article.
Click the following link to learn the details about rendering using GPU vs CPU.
3D modeling for biological science and medical purposes is an expanding area with growth in fields such as medical animation and biovisualization. But is it hard to learn 3D modeling skills? We’ve gathered information about this topic from professionals in the field to find out what it takes to learn 3D modeling.
3D modeling can be relatively easy to learn with enough time, but it is a hard discipline to perfect. It requires knowledge of modeling software, some scripting, some mathematics, and art. Medical 3D modeling is a specialized skill that requires intelligence and dedication. It adds to the requirements knowledge of anatomy and biology.
It can be easy to get started in 3D modeling through online training for specific software or via general modeling tutorials. However, experts say that the hardest part of this job is having an artistic touch and an eye for design. Keep reading to learn more about how to master 3D modeling and how to apply it in science.
Many people go to school for full degrees in 3D animation and learn 3D modeling that way. However, with all the available resources out there including books, youtube, websites, podcasts, just to name a few, learning modeling has become more and more accessible to the masses. Keep in mind that if you are looking to learn medical animation, it might actually be a good idea to go through a degree program if you are not educated in biology or anatomy or if you want to apply to companies for work that require a degree.
According to industry experts, there are several skills that you should develop in order to master 3D modeling for the medical field. These skills include:
The best way to get started with 3D modeling is to learn how to use modeling software. A later section of this post will discuss which program(s) you may want to learn. Many of the popular software programs have tons of resources online to help you learn the basics. Once you get comfortable using them, you can develop some of the other mentioned skills.
Knowing computer programming or coding can be helpful in manipulating software to combine processes and create a seamless workflow. This skill will help you become more efficient in developing your models. Scripting is a simpler method of coding and programs have their own scripting languages. Scripting may be as simple as taking the output of the code a modeling program writes to create a model, understanding it, and modifying it for repetitive tasks to make modeling quicker.
While programming isn’t necessary to use the functions of most of the available software, it is mentioned in many job postings for 3D modeling jobs in medicine.
Mathematics and anatomy are both important when considering medical 3D modeling. Math skills are needed to create the correct shapes and dimensions in the model, especially if we consider modeling for physics based simulations or anything that needs to be done to scale and fit such as device parts.
Anatomy knowledge is crucial for making sure the final product is medically correct. At the end of the day, these models are used for medical practice and teaching, so they need to be identical to the real thing, the human body.
Art skills and an eye for design are things that many people don’t think are necessary for medical 3D modeling. However, this component of modeling can mean the difference between a good modeler and a great modeler.
While this type of modeling is scientific and requires accuracy, artistic touches surface design can help bring the model to life on a computer screen and make the model as life-like as possible. This aspect of modeling is likely one of the hardest to learn and requires lots of practice and review.
Ultimately, all of the skills required to become a 3D modeler can be learned through practice and dedication. It will take time to become a good modeler, and it won’t be easy, but it doesn’t have to be hard either.
Focus on learning the basics, and then you can work toward creating more complex models and working more efficiently.
There are many software options available when it comes to 3D modeling for biology. The programs are each suited for different tasks and goals. Some may be best for biovisualization, while others are better suited for 3D printing. The best software for you to learn will vary based on your models’ medical application and the company’s expectations where you’re interested in working.
This article gives a great overview of popular software programs for 3D modeling in the medical field. Another way to find suitable software to learn is to look at job postings in the field to see what various companies are listing in their job requirements. Many jobs will require you to know multiple software programs, as each may serve a different purpose.
If you are just getting started with 3D modeling, it might help learn the basics in a simple, sometimes free, easy-to-learn program. While each software program is different, the basics will be the same in any you use. The skills you learn in any beginner modeling software will translate to a more advanced, medically-focused software as well.
Some options for very basic free 3D modeling software to learn on are:
SelfCAD: a user-friendly program that has a small learning curve
Blender: a popular modeling program with a lot of users and online resources
BlocksCAD: a very simple program created for students to learn in elementary and middle school, which can be helpful for learning the basics if you have never used a modeling software
There are two major applications of 3D modeling in medicine:
Prosthetics can be printed using 3D models to create custom components that perfectly fit individual patients. They are typically made quickly and are relatively inexpensive. This method can also be used in reconstructive surgeries for bones, joints, even tissue, and live cells.
The use of 3D modeling and printing to create low cost, unique prosthetics for use in each patient’s body is an incredible medical advancement.
3D modeling can also be used for training and educational purposes. Models of human body parts can be visualized on-screen to help students understand how those parts function and look inside the body.
The models can also be printed for hands-on learning or for professionals to practice complicated surgeries on models that are made specifically for certain patients.
As 3D modeling becomes more widely used and accepted in medicine, the applications will only become more varied.
In this field, the use of 3D modeling serves to:
3D modeling in medicine is a relatively new technology that is still being adopted across the field. Therefore, jobs in this field are still growing.
Job availability varies by location. When searching for medical 3D modeling jobs online, you will find positions available in all kinds of places, from major cities like New York to small towns in Florida or Colorado. Most available jobs are with companies specializing in medical 3D printing and modeling instead of directly in hospitals or doctors’ offices.
Job titles vary as well. To search for a job in this field, try using keywords like the following:
Some job postings in the field are for assistant or junior positions. These lower-level positions can be easier to land and can help you develop your skills to grow in the industry. There are various experience levels needed in the jobs available, indicating that there is room to develop your career at many companies in the industry.
Below is a useful video about learning 3d modeling:
Learning 3D modeling for the medical field can be challenging, but it isn’t necessarily hard. To become a 3D modeler, focus on developing the skills outlined in this article.
Start by learning modeling software, developing some programming skills, studying math, biology and anatomy, and practicing visualizations that catch the eye and tell a story.
Mastering 3D modeling for the medical field will take lots of hard work and discipline, but it doesn’t have to be difficult! If you put in the work, you can become a 3D modeler and contribute meaningfully to the medical field.
Click on the following link to learn how to do 3d animal modeling.
